Arwen's meanderings

Hi everyone and welcome to my dinghy cruising blog about my John Welsford designed 'navigator' named Arwen. Built over three years, Arwen was launched in August 2007. She is a standing lug yawl 14' 6" in length. This blog records our dinghy cruising voyages together around the coastal waters of SW England between 2009 and 2025.
Arwen has an associated YouTube channel so visit www.YouTube.com/c/plymouthwelshboy to find our most recent cruises and click subscribe.
Although 'Arwen' has now been sold to another family and is sailing in new water, this blog will remain a source of inspiration and information for those interested in dinghy cruising and sailing the local waters around Plymouth Sound. So, continue to drop us a comment or ask a question and happy sailing and fair winds to you. Steve and Arwen
Steve and Arwen

Friday, 11 June 2010

Taking mum and Dad sailing!


My Mum and Dad are out with me tomorrow for a little sail in Arwen. Neither are sailors but they love being out in the boat which is great. I love taking them out in it. The weather will be nice tomorrow too which will be a bonus.

Winds will be light and from the north and the tide will be going out for much of the day – so sailing out will be fine; sailing back in will be hard work! High tide is around 6.30 am and low tide around 12.30pm. It’s a 5m tide – pretty big.

I suspect we’ll do a shortish trip – probably around the Cattedown area – The Plym estuary. (Latitude: 50º 21'N Longitude: 04º 07'W).
 
Some of the key landmarks around the area

Then we’ll potter across the front of Plymouth Hoe – around the back of Drakes Island and back again.

The Cattedown is on the eastern side of Plymouth. It’s a mixture of old wharves, marinas, moorings and old coastal villages.


Looking across towards the Victoria Wharves on northern side

It is still a commercial part of Plymouth with small ships coming in and out on higher tides. There is an aggregates terminal close to Laira Bridge; oil storage tanks; bulk materials for agriculture is offloaded on one of the wharfs.


One of the small ships that comes into the Cattedown on a regular basis

China clay is exported (we have big china clay pits up at Lee Moor on Dartmoor).


The China Clay works at Lee Moor

There is a fish processing plant as well on one of the wharves. On the opposite side at Mount Batten are huge hangers which have boat building companies in them and there is the local water sports area as well.


The pontoon is where the water taxi goes to and fro between Mount Batten
and the Barbican about 400m away to the north

It’s a busy little area and there is plenty to see. The local Fire brigade rescue boat is moored up near Turnchapel which also has a Royal Marine base for landing craft etc.  Anyway I will post more tomorrow when we get back. I'm really looking forward to it.

Steve

Tuesday, 8 June 2010

Congratulations to Osbert

Congratulations to Osbert on the launch of his new 'walkabout' boat. You can get to the pictures of his launch via this link.

http://forthsailoar.posterous.com/

I've occasionally corresponded with Osbert via John welsford's yahoo builders forum; and I've also followed Osbert's postings on the Dinghy cruising association yahoo forum as well.
I have found Osbert to be a really reflective thinker who asks thought provoking questions; someone who has, in my humble opinion, excellent boat building skills and who is not afraid to think outside the box or to challenge convention. He has really made me think about what I do. He has an ability to articulate things so concisely....I know he has been a very popular message poster on both forums (well he's popular with me!!)

Anyway, his boat looks fantastic.....and I hope he gets all the enjoyment and more that I (and many of you who have built your own boats) get from sailing Arwen around Plymouth. It's kind of a great feeling isn't sailing the boat that you have built yourself.

Congratulations Osbert  - job well done and thanks for all the inspiration and thought provoking discussion!

Steve

Saturday, 5 June 2010

A birthday party in Padstow

My mum and Dad have been coming down to the Cornish port of Padstow for nigh on 35 years. We've celebrated Dad's 70th birthday there and yesterday, we celebrated Mum's 70th as well....at the same same place - Rajano's Pizza parlour! My sister brings her family down as well...and it always starts with a day out on Trevone beach.....the family beach! Cricket, body boarding and rock pooling....a  read of the newspapers, a walk along the cliff tops....lattes and bacon sandwiches......perfect!

Trevone Beach.....a great family beach


One of the shallower rock pools at Trevone but still teeming with life
Below, one of the deeper pools, when the tide recedes.....full of blue velvet swimmer crabs!



I'm never grabbed by Padstow....too crowded for my taste......I like the old quayside when it's empty! I am deeply intrigued by the Camel estuary and am sorely tempted to take Arwen down there for a family summer holiday camping/sailing trip


A lovely quayside when the tourists have gone!


Looking across to Rock and Daymar Bay
Copyright Ennor!


Padstow harbour dates from around 1844 when an act of Parliament appointed harbour commissioners. It grew along a creek on the western side of the river Camel; the port became busy, the town was built on reclaimed land and the inner quays built in 1538.


Not many in the inner harbour yesterday

1899 saw the arrival of the railway and a fishing industry developed with fresh fish being dispatched regularly to London’s Billingsgate Market. It must have been a fantastic railway line running along the River Camel estuary up to Wadebridge – stunning views. Curses to that Dr Beeching – can you imagine what a stunning steam railway line it would be now if it were run by the likes of the Bodmin and Wenford Railway, just up the road? Instead it is now a long distance cycle track (albeit a very nice one I might add).


One of the small Padstow fishing boats tied up at the outer quay wall


 The present day dock was built in 1910, such was the popularity of this port. In 1932 a new pier wall was built to protect the inner basin. However, all was not well......Padstow regularly flooded on very high spring tides and so a flood defence scheme involving extending the outer piers, raising the walls on Langford quay and building a tidal gate were all carried out in 1988. The tidal lock gate now provides a permanent marina within the town area. I think it opens 2 hrs either side of high tide and after that you are stuck – inside or outside – until it opens again next high tide.


The Old Custom House and tucked away up the street
is the London Inn....a lovely old pub and good food too

The inner dock now has floating pontoons for small craft and some large buoys off which to attach bow springs. I noticed that several yachts were mooring Mediterranean style with their aft end onto these pontoons. Bigger yachts seem to prefer to tie alongside the inner harbour walls and, where need be, raft up together.

                                                                                                                                       
                                
Is this mooring Mediterranean style?

Fishing continues within Padstow with catches being landed on the south jetty and lorry freighted to the Newlyn or Plymouth fish markets. The registration of Padstow is PW seen on many of the boats in my son’s pictures featuring on the blog today (new camera – toying with taking up photography as a hobby!) There are beam trawlers which occasionally visit the harbour (they tow a net along the seabed – aiming to catch sole, monkfish, plaice); there are two local boats which are gill netters (thin nets anchored in the water and floats at top) which enmesh fish; finally I think there are plenty of local potting boats – working inshore early morning to get crabs and lobsters. I believe most of the crab goes to the continent



One of the smaller fishing boats at Padstow


Lobster creels stacked on  the quayside


Bringing the pots home at the end of the day

It would be wrong though to think that Padstow’s history is a recent one....4000 years ago Travellers used the Fowey and Camel estuaries as part of their journey route from Brittany to Ireland....so avoiding the Land’s End sea route! However, when the Welsh arrived (I feel some national pride coming on here) in the form of St Petroc in the 6th century...Padstow came into being.



 
                                          Sadly, some wonderful boats fall by the wayside.......

St. Petroc set up a monastery which became known as Padstow.......which then got destroyed by the Vikings. Suffice to say Wales has a long history of setting up monasteries around the British Isles. In fact I often tell my students that I am doing missionary work on behalf of the Welsh nation – educating the heathen English........they fall for it too!



 
                         A Cornish Crabber regatta! Cornish Crabbers, are of course based at Rock
                                        on the opposite side of the Camel estuary to Padstow! Copyright http://www.in2clicks.com/ Mark Jago

I read somewhere that later, during medieval times, Padstow was given the rights of sanctuary and so became a haven for criminals who would not be arrested if they stayed within the confines of the town..........given the cost of some ice creams yesterday...I’d say daylight robbery is still alive and well!
Apart from fishing....ship building also developed in Padstow; and mining of copper ore and slate led to these being exported from the town’s quays. Padstow is now a popular tourist spot.....helped along by Rick Stein’s restaurants, guest houses, patisseries and fish and chip shop! My parents have been going there for around 35 years and are sad to see its demise over the years. It becomes a heaving hell hole at the height of summer – a great shame!


                                                                  One of Rick's places

One of the redeeming features about the place though is the River Camel estuary – oh my! It has fierce tides, a huge tidal range, massive sandbanks and downright dangerous bar to boot! It certainly makes for entertaining sailing........and entertaining the idea of sailing there is what I am doing....hence the trip this week (well along with the fact that It was my old mum’s 70th birthday (Happy birthday Mum – I don’t want you thinking I only came down to see you in Padstow so we could research things for the blog!!).


Looking across the sandbanks and up the Camel estuary towards Wadebridge

The Camel rises on Bodmin Moor and exits into the Atlantic between Stepper point and Pentire Point. Apparently the word camel is Cornish for crooked! Um! Most of the upper Camel drains moorland where livestock farming is the main land use. The river is tidal until just up above Wadebridge (which used to have its own quays).


Another Cornish Shrimper heading along the Camel
Copyright Martin

In the lower estuary are several fine beaches...Daymar Bay, Tregirls beach, Harbour Cove and the whole area is designated an area of outstanding natural beauty. There are sites of scientific interest (SSSI’s) as well – so it has a fantastic range of wildlife, flora and scenery to explore and learn about.


Some of the wild flowers on the cliff tops around Padstow

It was only a year ago whilst out on a boat trip that we came across a large basking shark actually inside the outer estuary area......truly an awesome experience! I know the area is a bass nursery and that sea trout and salmon frequent it at different times of year.


My all time favourite marine creature
I've fished Rame Head in Cornwall when these have drifted past no more that 10m away from me!

And so what about the sailing, now that we have covered the geography? Well you can launch trailer sailers at Padstow, although the steepness of that slipway could cause some interesting moments I have to say!


It's steeper than it looks in the photo
I'm not sure my poor old car laden with trailer would make it back up!

The notorious doom bar is at the mouth of the estuary and it has a tragic history. Many ships have been wrecked on it over the centuries. Legend has it that the Mermaid of Padstow created the doom bar as a curse after being shot by a sailor......apparently this Mermaid had been a lucky one up until that point guiding ships safely to harbour and serenading anyone who would be in Hawkers Cove, as she sat upon the rocks there.


Looks idyllic now, but add westerly winds, a retreating tide and an Atlantic swell............

It gets a bit murky after that....some versions of the legend say she met a sailor, fell in love with him and being love sick she tried to lure him down to the ocean deeps......where upon, the sailor realising not all was well in his relationship....shot her! Another version suggests that a local sailor thought she was a seal and so shot her!........Probably not the brightest in the pack was he! Anyway whichever version you like, her dying breath was to curse Padstow and its harbour for all time.........ensuring that it would be unsafe for ever....hence the doom bar.....and some might suggest...the subsequent hordes of people from up north (by the way, down here we regard anyone coming from further that Exeter as being from ‘up north’!)


The RNLI Lifeboat 'Spirit of Padstow' in action

I’m not going to get into all the wrecks that litter that bar area but suffice to say it is genuinely a dangerous place in certain wind and tide combinations. It does open out onto the Atlantic for a start....so there are big swells. Then there 7m tidal ranges; rip-roaring tides going out against North West winds blowing in..........not a good place in bad weather is it? Much of north Cornwall’s coast is also a leeshore.

 
                                              One of Padstow's noisier residents

That said there aren’t many places along the north Cornish coast that provide safe anchorages.....and as long as the winds aren’t blowing from west, then it is a safe navigation into the main channel, or so I am told! I guess you would need to pass it about 2.5 hrs before high tide so that there is sufficient depth of water in the area...but that is only a guess on my part! Part way along the channel you then need to start to look for the creek that branches off to Padstow – it’s marked by green and red buoyage


The Padstow - Rock Ferry departing the outer quay wall ramp............and that massive sandbank in the middle of the estuary!

I think as you near the harbour walls stay close to them – there is a huge sandbank which dries out at low water on the port side as you approach the outer walls! There does seem to be quite a bit of tidal flow in this channel even at low tide. Watch out for other traffic at this point; there is the Padstow/Rock Ferry which regularly commutes across the estuary; the Jubilee Queen operates during the tourist season as do the lovely old wooden jet boats....on top of that are the potting boats and the small charter fishing fleet as well....busy little place!


The famous Jubilee Queen along with a couple of charter fishing boats


5pm on  Friday in early June.....perfect!

Yes..........I definitely feel a possible trip up the Camel in the summer .....now I need to find those charts, almanacs and locals wot know a thing or two about them tides!

Steve

PS  thanks to my son Sam for most of today's photographs

Thursday, 3 June 2010

Arwen back on the slip after her epic voyage clearing the breakwater!!

Below is a picture taken by my wife at the end of our epic voyage out past Plymouth Breakwater.


Must clean off that rust on wheels and repaint them!

You can see where I have moved the oars forward. Originally they lay a lot further aft alongside the coaming but they were such a pain to climb over.......so I pinched the idea of moving them further forward almost to the bowsprit from a character post boat!
The wheels are rusting and paint is flaking off....another job to sort. It's a very good trailer (a degraaf) but you need to run it right into the water until the wheels are virtually submerged before Arwen rolls off it........I grease the bearings to form a waterproof seal just before I immerse the trailer....so that prolongs the bearing life ....but it isn't ideal. It gets washed off (along with the boat) after every dip.


The main mast was made by Noble Masts of Bristol. You often see them advertising in Watercraft Magazine (a magazine I heartily recommend for all those interested in the construction of small wooden boats). Noble Masts used some scrap wood they had left over from constructing 60' wooden main masts ( their normal business I think)....Arwen's was the smallest mast they'd made when I went to collect it. Hollow inside, sealed on outside and you can pick it up in one hand - fantastic!  The mizzen mast I made......I felt I ought to give it a go - it isn't hollow...but easily picked up again in one hand.

Watercraft Magazine...do a google search
This has been a source of inspiration to me
over the years......Thanks Pete and the Watercraft team!


I hadn't stowed sails at this point very well ........I find it difficult to get all the battens lying flat; also, I decided to turn head to wind and drop the sails in the Cattedown...not my normal policy ( I drop them normally off outer Mt.Batten breakwater and motor back in.  Anyway, unknown to me it was the gathering of the Round Britain Race which starts here at the RWYC on Sunday....so several boats were coming in to be moored and it got a little hectic and so I stowed sails very rapidly to get out of every one's way!!
You can find out more about the RBI race at www.rwyc.org/rbi


The logo for this year's Round Britain and Ireland Race


This was one of the boats moored in the Cattedown when I returned

Things I did that were slightly different to the original plans?
Well, firstly, I added an outer stem to give the bows a more pointed appearance. I added the full backrest panels above thwarts with cut outs so that all sorts of stuff easily needed could be stowed without having to go into lockers each time. I added a stainless steel fishing rod holder in the aft starboard side deck. She has a fishfinder/echo sounder attached to transom and the spare cable is stored in a watertight plastic BDH unit under the port aft side deck where the boomkin is secured. I made a homemade outboard bracket and secured that to transom with four stainless steel bolts(by the way I made the transom thicker than on the plans to take this into account). I also added a brass fold down step on the port side of transom and a small rope ladder which fits under the side deck same side and can be pulled out in event of an emergency ....i.e. capsize! Simple lazy jacks have also been added - another idea pinched from my friend's post boat.......and that is it really
Things I wish I'd done?
1. a curved tiller with a point at which it folds up - see Barrett Faneuf's Yuko for that idea
2. I did that hatch in bulkhead 2 right in the centre as per plans - and wish I had offset it because its right behind the mast and a real pain to access!
3. I wished I'd finished off the top of the coamings more nicely - perhaps hardwood mahogany strips either side

Other than that - I'm pretty pleased with her.......for a first effort not bad and she is a great design as I discovered yesterday. Well done John (Welsford)!

Steve



Wednesday, 2 June 2010

and here is the gps track



I forgot to mention I have managed to download a track of the day's sailing .....it's the first time I've managed to link my GPS to google earth so I'm rather pleased with myself.......not so pleased with the sailing track however!  Still it is early days!

Steve

A glorious day on the water......even if pilotage and navigation left much to be desired......!

Well.....the best laid plans etc etc......


I intended to sail from South Mallard buoy just off Mountbatten breakwater out to the west of the main breakwater via Melampus and New Ground buoys and then out to the Draystone buoy just off Penlee point in Cornwall. From there I was going to head almost due east to OSR south buoy and then north eastwards to West Tinker buoy before turning north to the East Breakwater and Dukes Rock buoy; followed by Dunstone buoy and back to South Mallard. This would have been about 7.5 nm and taken me around 2 – 3hrs. The wind was to be coming from the south west, backing around to the east. The (just down from spring) tide would be running out....with a maximum southerly tidal stream 3 hrs down from HT at around 0.9 kts. The idea was to follow a passage plan prepared the day before; and to practice taking fixes and pinpointing my location on the chart as I went along.


Mt. Batten breakwater which protects the Cattedown to the right hand side

Well that was the plan.......................................


What actually happened was I did it in the reverse order! There is a link that takes you to a short clip of film about the section from south mallard up to the breakwater......it's in the section oppsoite on Arwen videos. Enjoy....and forgive my amateurish filming skills.



In my defence.....the route I originally chose based on the predicted wind directions would have been fine. However, on the day, the wind was blowing from south-south west, (not east) and so I would have been heading straight into the no-go area. I did try – honestly........but at 11.00am – having managed to progress just up to Melampus I admitted defeat and decided to go the backwards way round instead........I hope readers will forgive me this appalling error of pilotship.....but I am still learning all this sea fairing malarkey you know! Now it was an easy decision because I was doing a circuitous route....but if I hadn’t been........then what?



Anyway ......decision made – how did the rest of the day go and how good was my passage plan?

Let’s start with the weather......sunny spells with some cloud; some haze in afternoon reducing visibility at sea; the wind was around force 3 with gusts to force 4; it started SSE, went south; then south east and then kept veering between south east and south throughout much of the day. Sea state was fine inside breakwater but slightly lumpy to the south of it with some nasty rollers coming in on occasions making the boat pitch a lot on some legs of the journey. As always Arwen sailed through it all – she is an amazingly dry boat and copes with some relatively steep pitched rollers with ease.

From Dunstone to Duke Rock was a good leg although I needed to put in some long tacks....I am still trying to work out what line to take between waypoints and I guess this comes with experience – Arwen doesn’t sail close to the wind – a close haul is almost 70degrees off the wind........hence several tacks. Several trawlers past by – all giving me waves; then there was a fantastically beautiful Cornish pilot called Curlew who caught up with me and went past gracefully. I tracked her for a while and then she headed off further out towards Rame Head and along to somewhere like Fowey I suspect. Cornish crabber boats are wonderful!



Not the Cornish pilot i saw, but a similar vessel

Just off Duke’s Rock, some inshore lobster pot men waved hello – busy hauling up pots and emptying them – they seemed to be doing well. A tug was moored to one of the big ship mooring floats and behind that was the Fort Rosalie with all her bunting up...obviously just returned from deployment somewhere....the Admiral’s barge went alongside several times. In the meantime, the little red and white Cawsand ferry plied its trade back and forth across the sound.


RFA Fort Rosalie


The very busy little red and white Cawsand ferry


Going between Fort Bovisand and the breakwater was fine – it was an outgoing tide and a tidal stream of 0.9kt helped me shoot through. I carried on a tack towards Bovisand beach......the longer I tacked that direction, the easier it would be to then turn later towards West Tinker buoy.......John and others on the JW yahoo forum group have always said to me, that rather than pinch too close to the wind – go for speed and even if that means longer tacks off where you want to be......and actually it worked. When I turned, I was nicely lined up for West Tinker Buoy on a beam reach.


At this point I was on a reach and with the sail out a bit further; the jib a bit fuller and the mizzen eased slightly, Arwen started to make 4.8kts......punching through lumpy rollers which came in from the south. There was some corkscrew rolling for a time – slightly uncomfortable and then a rattle.....persistent.....the kind of rattle that doesn’t bode well. A clunk and a bronze nut lay on the floor......an emergency hove to....on starboard tack of course..........and a quick investigation.........the nut had come off one of the bronze bolts holding the starboard chain plate in place......um!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Quick fix and we were on our way – good timing I thought because at this point I was being attacked by three large Royal Marine Landing craft.....their steady thud, thud, thud, engines getting closer.......with fairness the lead boat was very good and realising I was hove to and trying to effect a repair......took gentle avoidance action..........when I looked they were nowhere to be seen....although that heavy thud, thud could be heard within the sea mist that was developing offshore.........lesson learned!


Very similar to the three I encountered coming out of the haze whilst I was hove to...

So far, my estimate timings within Plymouth Sound had not been great....but clear of the breakwater – they were pretty spot on between the buoys – weird that! We scooted across to OSR south; running across the Brittany Ferry, before gybing around Draystone buoy at Penlee point.


My camera battery had run out by now so thanks to Andy on Flick'r for this shot of the Ferry I ran across just off the OSR south buoy

Then it was a long, long, long downwind run across to the knap buoy, west breakwater lighthouse and then down across the sound all the way back to South Mallard buoy.


Draystone buoy off Penlee point on the Western side of Plymouth Sound

And the stat’s? Well total trip length was 12.3nm; average moving speed was 3.4knts; total time sailing was 3 hrs 40mins. What had I calculated previously on the passage plan – around 7.9nm and a travel time of 3 hrs.......so some lessons learned!

1. When passage planning – think carefully about wind direction and what impact it will have on your planned route

2. Give some thought to sea state under different wind speeds and wind directions

3. Before going hove to...check, check and double check there is no one around!

I’m pretty sure there are more lessons but I need to reflect and internalise further.....perhaps the subject of another blog



Steve

Monday, 31 May 2010

My first passage plan......let's hope it works!

Well here we go - my first passage plan......this could be interesting.

I intend sailing this Wednesday June 2nd. I'll leave Queen Anne's battery and motor out to South Mallard buoy for 10.30am departure. 


Where I always launch from - the southern slip (on the left!) at QAB
The big glass building on the right is the National Marine Aquarium
In the background is the famous Barbican

I'll head out past the west end of the breakwater up to the Knap buoy before swinging east towards West Tinker buoy. Then I'll head north to the eastern end of the breakwater, up to the Duke buoy and back to where I started at South Mallard. Its 6 NM.


The western end of the Plymouth Breakwater copyright Michel LaLonde

The weather is predicted Force 2/3, from north west...sunny with odd cloud and temp around 19 Celsius. Visibility is good and sea state slight.


Wednesday's weather forecast: source BBC/Met Office

I should be on a beam reach/training run for the outward leg; from Knap to West Tinker it should be a downwind run before turning onto a close haul run back to port........I think......if my visualisation is right!  Now whether this is the right way around to do this route.......or not...... I have no idea. If anyone knows better.......please let me know before Wednesday!


My passage plan template
I combined two or three to get what I wanted

High tide is at 9.45am - 4.9m falling to 1.7m at low tide (so the tidal range is 3.2m if my maths is correct....and that's a BIG if!). It's an outgoing tide, with low tide at 16.04. The tidal stream according to the tidal diamonds is negligible for first two hours on outgoing tide. However, on the close haul from east breakwater back up to Mounbatten - there is a 1 kt tidal stream running 171 degreeM - so against me - so that will affect my progress northwards. I think I will be averaging 3 knts so on this leg I'll drop to 2 knts.


I managed to work out how to use them - brill!

Dead reckoning suggests I should do 6NM at 3 kts in 2hrs. So my ETA back at South Mallard should be around 12.30pm.  However, when I take into account the tidal stream then it will be around 12.45 ish.

I've marked the route on the chart using the conventional symbols; I've also worked out the magnetic bearing, distance and dead reckoning time between each buoy. I've entered them as waypoints in my GPS and I've created a route ready for Wednesday. I'm slightly panicky that I've got my latitude and longitude reading off the chart scales wrong. I'm OK at say N50d 20'....its then getting the end bit right......um!


A page from my Admiralty Tough Chart showing Plymouth Sound north of Breakwater
Area 13: Plymouth Sound and rivers     1st edition SC 5913
Published by Admiralty Leisure

I printed off a passage plan and sealed it into a clear plastic wallet which I can now write over the top of in chinagraph pencil - a perfect re-useable passage plan framework.  I've also taken the precaution of sketching out annotated diagrams on how to pick up moorings/leave moorings under sail etc and I've taped them into another clear plastic wallet.



The reverse side of my passage plan

I now feel ready! I'll check the forecast again tomorrow; and go over the calculations again. Of course.....I'm stuffed if I average 4 or 5 kts....I'll have to redo the maths on the go........never a good thing given my non maths ability!  So I've taken the liberty of copying the ready reckoner from that book I recommended on a previous post.....


from Sea Kayak Navigation by Franco Ferrerro....see a previoug for further details
Of course if you do above 4 knots......you'll have to work one out for youself!

Steve